Apixaban

Generic Name of Product	Brand Name	Dosage Form	Strength	Pharmacologic Group	Therapeutic Group	Unit Per Pack
Apixaban	-	Tablet	2.5 , 5 mg	Low molecular weight heparin	Anticoagulant	30

Indications And Usage	Reduction of Risk of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Apixaban is indicated to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis Following Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery. Apixaban is indicated for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE), in patients who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery. Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis Apixaban is indicated for the treatment of DVT. Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism Apixaban is indicated for the treatment of PE. Reduction in the Risk of Recurrence of DVT and PE Apixaban is indicated to reduce the risk of recurrent DVT and PE following initial therapy.
Administration	Recommended Dose: Reduction of Risk of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: The recommended dose of APIXABAN for most patients is 5 mg taken orally twice daily. The recommended dose of APIXABAN is 2.5 mg twice daily in patients with at least two of the following characteristics: • age greater than or equal to 80 years • body weight less than or equal to 60 kg • serum creatinine greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis Following Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery: The recommended dose of APIXABAN is 2.5 mg taken orally twice daily. The initial dose should be taken 12 to 24 hours after surgery. • In patients undergoing hip replacement surgery, the recommended duration of treatment is 35 days. • In patients undergoing knee replacement surgery, the recommended duration of treatment is 12 days. Treatment of DVT and PE: The recommended dose of APIXABAN is 10 mg taken orally twice daily for the first 7 days of therapy. After 7 days, the recommended dose is 5 mg taken orally twice daily. Reduction in the Risk of Recurrence of DVT and PE: The recommended dose of APIXABAN is 2.5 mg taken orally twice daily after at least 6 months of treatment for DVT or PE Missed Dose: If a dose of APIXABAN is not taken at the scheduled time, the dose should be taken as soon as possible on the same day and twice-daily administration should be resumed. The dose should not be doubled to make up for a missed dose. Temporary Interruption for Surgery and Other Interventions: APIXABAN should be discontinued at least 48 hours prior to elective surgery or invasive procedures with a moderate or high risk of unacceptable or clinically significant bleeding. APIXABAN should be discontinued at least 24 hours prior to elective surgery or invasive procedures with a low risk of bleeding or where the bleeding would be non-critical in location and easily controlled. Bridging anticoagulation during the 24 to 48 hours after stopping APIXABAN and prior to the intervention is not generally required. APIXABAN should be restarted after the surgical or other procedures as soon as adequate hemostasis has been established. Converting from or to APIXABAN : Switching from warfarin to APIXABAN : Warfarin should be discontinued and APIXABAN started when the international normalized ratio (INR) is below 2.0. Switching from APIXABAN to warfarin: APIXABAN affects INR, so that initial INR measurements during the transition to warfarin may not be useful for determining the appropriate dose of warfarin. One approach is to discontinue APIXABAN and begin both a parenteral anticoagulant and warfarin at the time the next dose of APIXABAN would have been taken, discontinuing the parenteral anticoagulant when INR reaches an acceptable range. Switching from APIXABAN to anticoagulants other than warfarin (oral or parenteral): Discontinue APIXABAN and begin taking the new anticoagulant other than warfarin at the usual time of the next dose of APIXABAN . Switching from anticoagulants other than warfarin (oral or parenteral) to APIXABAN : Discontinue the anticoagulant other than warfarin and begin taking APIXABAN at the usual time of the next dose of the Administration Options: For patients who are unable to swallow whole tablets, 5 mg and 2.5 mg APIXABAN tablets may be crushed and suspended in water, 5% dextrose in water (D5W), or apple juice, or mixed with applesauce and promptly administered orally Alternatively, APIXABAN tablets may be crushed and suspended in 60 mL of water or D5W and promptly delivered through a nasogastric tube. Crushed APIXABAN tablets are stable in water, D5W, apple juice, and applesauce for up to 4 hours.
Contraindications	Active pathological bleeding , Severe hypersensitivity reaction to APIXABAN
Precautions	Increased Risk of Thrombotic Events after Premature Discontinuation: Premature discontinuation of any oral anticoagulant, including APIXABAN , in the absence of adequate alternative anticoagulation increases the risk of thrombotic events. An increased rate of stroke was observed during the transition from APIXABAN to warfarin in clinical trials in atrial fibrillation patients. If APIXABAN is discontinued for a reason other than pathological bleeding or completion of a course of therapy, consider coverage with another anticoagulant Bleeding: APIXABAN increases the risk of bleeding and can cause serious, potentially fatal, bleeding. Concomitant use of drugs affecting hemostasis increases the risk of bleeding. These include aspirin and other antiplatelet agents, other anticoagulants, heparin, thrombolytic agents, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Advise patients of signs and symptoms of blood loss and to report them immediately or go to an emergency room. Discontinue APIXABAN in patients with active pathological hemorrhage. Reversal of Anticoagulant Effect: An agent to reverse the anti-factor Xa activity of apixaban is available. The pharmacodynamic effect of APIXABAN can be expected to persist for at least 24 hours after the last dose, i.e., for about two drug half-lives. Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa may be considered, but have not been evaluated in clinical studies When PCCs are used, monitoring for the anticoagulation effect of apixaban using a clotting test (PT, INR, or aPTT) or anti-factor Xa (FXa) activity is not useful and is not recommended. Activated oral charcoal reduces absorption of apixaban, thereby lowering apixaban plasma concentration Hemodialysis does not appear to have a substantial impact on apixaban exposure.Protamine sulfate and vitamin K are not expected to affect the anticoagulant activity of apixaban. There is no experience with antifibrinolytic agents (tranexamic acid, aminocaproic acid) in individuals receiving apixaban. There is no experience with systemic hemostatics (desmopressin and aprotinin) in individuals receiving apixaban, and they are not expected to be effective as a reversal agent. Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Puncture: When neuraxial anesthesia (spinal/epidural anesthesia) or spinal/epidural puncture is employed, patients treated with antithrombotic agents for prevention of thromboembolic complications are at risk of developing an epidural or spinal hematoma which can result in long-term or permanent paralysis. The risk of these events may be increased by the postoperative use of indwelling epidural catheters or the concomitant use of medicinal products affecting hemostasis. Indwelling epidural or intrathecal catheters should not be removed earlier than 24 hours after the last administration of APIXABAN . The next dose of APIXABAN should not be administered earlier than 5 hours after the removal of the catheter. The risk may also be increased by traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal puncture. If traumatic puncture occurs, delay the administration of APIXABAN for 48 hours. Monitor patients frequently for signs and symptoms of neurological impairment (e.g., numbness or weakness of the legs, or bowel or bladder dysfunction). If neurological compromise is noted, urgent diagnosis and treatment is necessary. Prior to neuraxial intervention the physician should consider the potential benefit versus the risk in anticoagulated patients or in patients to be anticoagulated for thromboprophylaxis. Patients with Prosthetic Heart Valves: The safety and efficacy of APIXABAN have not been studied in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Therefore, use of APIXABAN is not recommended in these patients. Acute PE in Hemodynamically Unstable Patients or Patients who Require Thrombolysis or Pulmonary Embolectomy: Initiation of APIXABAN is not recommended as an alternative to unfractionated heparin for the initial treatment of patients with PE who present with hemodynamic instability or who may receive thrombolysis or pulmonary embolectomy. Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) including APIXABAN are not recommended for patients with a history of thrombosis who are diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). In particular for patients that are triple positive (positive for lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I antibodies), treatment with DOACs could be associated with increased rates of recurrent thrombotic events compared with vitamin K antagonist therapy. The efficacy and safety of APIXABAN in patients with APS have not been established.
Adverse Reactions	Increased risk of thrombotic events after premature discontinuation, Bleeding , Spinal/epidural anesthesia or puncture.
Pregnancy and lactation	• Pregnancy: Not recommended. • Lactation: Discontinue drug or discontinue nursing.
Renal and liver Impairment	Severe Hepatic Impairment: Not recommended. Reduction of Risk of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: The recommended dose is 2.5 mg twice daily in patients with at least two of the following characteristics • age greater than or equal to 80 years • body weight less than or equal to 60 kg • serum creatinine greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dL Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis: Clinical efficacy and safety studies with APIXABAN did not enroll patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis. In patients with ESRD maintained on intermittent hemodialysis, administration of APIXABAN at the usually recommended dose will result in concentrations of apixaban and pharmacodynamic activity similar to those observed in the ARISTOTLE study. It is not known whether these concentrations will lead to similar stroke reduction and bleeding risk in patients with ESRD on dialysis as was seen in ARISTOTLE. Prophylaxis of Deep Vein Thrombosis Following Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery, and Treatment of DVT and PE and Reduction in the Risk of Recurrence of DVT and PE No dose adjustment is recommended for patients with renal impairment, including those with ESRD on dialysis .Clinical efficacy and safety studies with APIXABAN did not enroll patients with ESRD on dialysis or patients with a CrCl <15 mL/min; therefore, dosing recommendations are based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (anti-FXa activity) data in subjects with ESRD maintained on dialysis.
Laboratory Tests	-